孔祥文
(云南省昆明市宜良县第二中校园 云南昆明 652100)
摘 要:本文对现在分词作状语的根本用法作了剖析,期望与广阔同仁一起讨论,以便加深对现在分词的了解和正确地运用现在分词。
关键词:现在分词 状语 根本用法
现在分词即动词的-ing 方法,对错谓语动词方法之一,也是英语教学中的要点和难点。现在分词的根本方法:一般式的自动方法:doing 一般式的被迫方法:being done,完结式的自动方法:having done 完结式的被迫方法:having been done 其否定方法是:not doing. 现在分词或现在分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语有必要与整个语句的主语保持共同,可作时刻、条件、原因、退让、成果、随同或方法、意图,评论性等状语,其功用有时相当于一个状语从句。要正确地运用现在分词,首要有必要澄清:现在分词的逻辑主语与该分词的联系。[1]
1.现在分词作时刻状语
现在分词的一般式作时刻状语时,一般标明现在分词的动作与谓语动词简直一起发作或相继发作。现在分词的完结式作时刻状语时,一般标明现在分词的动作在谓语动作之前发作。此刻可在现在分词前加上when, as soon as, while, before 等词。但是,在运用现在分词作状语时,同学们常常疏忽“逻辑主语是否共同”这一关键问题。请看下列正误辩析:
例1、Walking out of the room, he found the little girl was still there.
= After walking out of the room, he found the little girl was still there.
本句中現在分词短语 Walking out of 和逻辑主语 he 是主谓联系,标明自动含义且动作紧接着先后发作,故用现在分词一般式的自动方法。[2]
例2、Heard the news, his mother hurried to the hospital at once.(误)
Hearing the news, his mother hurried to the hospital at once. (。正)
上面句中的主语是his mother,与“听”是主谓联系,标明自动含义而且动作紧接着先后发作,因而用现在分词一般式的自动方法Hearing作状语,这儿的 Hearing= As soon as hearing.故第二句正确。
例3、 Having finished, he returned the book to the library. (误)
Having been finished, he returned the book to the library. (正)
看完那本书后,他把书归还了图书馆。
本句中现在分词短语Having finished 和逻辑主语 the book 是被迫联系,标明被迫含义而且现在分词短语的动作在谓语动作 returned 之前发作,即那本书先被他读完之后才还给了图书馆,故用现在分词完结式的被迫方法。
例4、Having told many times, he still made such stupid mistake.(误)
Having been told many times, he still made such stupid mistake.(正)
现已被奉告屡次之后,他仍然犯如此严峻的过错。
本句中现在分词短语 Having been told many times,和主语 he 是被迫联系,标明
被迫含义而且现在分词短语的动作在谓语动作 made 之前发作,故用现在分词完结
式的被迫方法。
一、现在分词作条件状语
现在分词作条件状语时,相当于一个条件状语从句。
例1、Reading patiently, you will find the novel interesting.
= If you read patiently, you will find the novel interesting.
假如你耐心肠读下去,你会发现那部小说很风趣。
现在分词 Reading 和主语 you 是主谓联系,标明自动含义及条件联系,因而有必要用现在分词一般式的自动方法。它相当于 if 引导的条件状语从句。
二、现在分词作原因状语
现在分词作原因状语时,一般可改写成 as 或 because 引导的原因状语从句。
例1、Being exhausted, I could not walk any further.
= As I was exhausted, I could not walk any further.
因为精疲力竭,我再也走不动了。
我再也走不动的原因是精疲力尽了,故分词短语 Being exhausted, 相当于 as 引导的原因状语从句。
例2、Not studying her lessons very hard, she failed the examinations.
= Because she did not study her lessons very hard, she failed the examinations.
本句中现在分词短语Not studying her lessons very hard,和主语 she 是主谓联系,标明原因,相当于 because 引导的原因状语从句。
三、现在分词作退让状语
现在分词作退让状语时,其前可加上 although, though, even if, even though 等词。
例1、Having failed many times, Edison did not lose heart and finally he invented the light bulb.
= Although having failed many times, Edison did not lose heart and finally he invented the light bulb.
尽管失利了许屡次,爱迪生并没有悲观,终究他创造晰电灯。
本句中现在分词短语Having failed many times, 和主语 Edison 是主谓联系,标明自动含义而且现在分词短语的动作在谓语动作invented 之前发作,即失利在先,终究创造在后,故用现在分词完结式的自动方法。[3]
例2、Not being too rich, he is always glad to help others.
= Though he is not too rich, he is always glad to help others.
尽管他并不太殷实,但他总是乐于协助他人。
本句中现在分词短语Not being too rich,和主语 he 是主谓联系,标明退让联系,相当于 though引导的退让状语从句。
四、现在分词作成果状语
现在分词作結果状语时,标明自但是然的成果或必定的成果。此刻其前可加 thus, therefore 等词。而动词不定式作成果状语时,一般坐落句末,常与 only, never , not 等词连用,标明出乎预料的成果。
例1、There was a big earthquake in Italy, causing a lot of loss.
意大利发作了大地震,形成了巨大的丢失。
剖析:发作了大地震,必定会形成丢失,标明必定的成果,所以用现在分词作成果状语。
例2、He hurried to the bus station, only to find the bus had gone.
他仓促地赶到车站,却发现公共汽车早已开走了。
剖析:他原以为仓促赶到车站,能赶上那趟公共汽车,成果出乎预料,所以用动词不定式标明出乎预料的成果。
五、现在分词作随同或方法状语
现在分词作随同或方法状语时,用来阐明动作发作的布景。一般情况下,现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作一起进行,其动作宣布者就是语句的主语。谓语动词是首要动词,现在分词则是烘托动作,随同或方法状语坐落句首、句中或句末均可。[4]
例1、They all stood there, watching and shouting when the wonderful football match went on.
当那场精彩的足球比赛进行的时分,他们全都站在那里,边观看,边喝彩。
剖析:现在分词的动作watching and shouting与谓语动词的动作stood一起进行,其动作宣布者就是语句的主语They。谓语动词stood是首要动词,现在分词watching and shouting则是烘托动作,所以现在分词watching and shouting 在句中作随同或方法状语。
例2、 My best friend Li Lei and I walked along the road, talking and laughing.
我和我最好的朋友李雷顺路走着,边说边笑。
剖析:现在分词talking and laughing的动作与谓语动词的动作walked along一起进行,其动作宣布者就是语句的主语My best friend Li Lei and I谓语动词walked along是首要动词,现在分词talking and laughing则是烘托动作,所以现在分词talking and laughing在句中作随同或方法状语。
六、现在分词作意图状语
现在分词作意图状语时标明一种随同的意图,一般放于句末,且与主句间用逗号离隔。
例1、He hunted from city to city, hoping to find a good job.
他从一个城市来到另一个城市,期望找到一份好工作。
剖析:现在分词hoping 跟在谓语动词短语hunted from city to city 之后,标明一种随同的意图,所以现在分词短语hoping to find a good job 在句中作意图状语。
例2、She worked late into the night last night, preparing a report.
她昨夜为了预备一个陈述工作到深夜。
剖析:现在分词短语preparing a report跟在谓语动词短语worked late into the night之后,标明一种随同的意图,所以现在分词短语preparing a report在句中作意图状语。
七、现在分词作评论性状语
有些惯用的分词短语在句中能够没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在,它们往往作为语句的独立成分来润饰全句,标明说话者的情绪、观念等,咱们称这种状语为评论性状语或评注性状语。
例1、Personally speaking, it is a good idea.
就我个人而言,我以为这是个好主意。
例2、Judging from his accent, he must come from America.
从口音上判别,他必定来自美国。
例3、Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys.
一般来说,女孩比男孩更对文学感兴趣。
本文就现在分词作状语作了简略的剖析,以求加深了解,不当之处敬请纠正。
参考文献
[1]《张道真英语语法》
[2]《薄冰英语语法》
[3]《牛津高阶英汉词典》第七版
[4]《高中英语语法》
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